Energy pyramid for coral reef
An energy pyramid represents how much chemical energy is available at successive feeding levels in an ecosystem. In a coral reef, prod…
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Articles, guides, and pillar pages across our topic clusters.
Equation for inelastic collision
In an isolated collision, total momentum is conserved whether the collision is elastic or inelastic. For two objects moving along one…
Cell wall plant
A plant cell wall is a firm layer outside the plasma membrane. It helps a cell keep its shape, withstand internal water pressure, and…
Mars approximate distance from the sun
Mars orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 228 million kilometers, or 142 million miles. This is its orbital semimajor axis,…
Dihybrid cross explained
A dihybrid cross tracks the inheritance of two traits at once. In the classic classroom example, two heterozygous parents are crossed…
Physics, Space and Earth Science
Physics describes matter, motion, energy, forces, waves, and the systems that shape the Earth and space. This hub connects concise ref…
Protons have a negative charge
A proton has a positive electric charge. An electron has a negative charge of equal magnitude, while a neutron has no net electric cha…
Polyermization
Polymerization is a process in which smaller building units become incorporated into larger polymer molecules. Polymerization is the s…
Visual diagram of a sp atomic orbitals
An s orbital and a p orbital are different atomic-orbital types. An sp hybrid orbital is a model formed by combining one s and one p o…
Chemical symbol definition
A chemical symbol is the standardized abbreviated representation of an element. Many symbols have one or two letters, with the first u…
Nuclear attraction
Nuclear attraction is the electrostatic attraction between a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons. Its effectiv…
What do the small numbers subscripts in the codes represent
A chemical subscript indicates how many atoms of the preceding element, or how many copies of a parenthesized group, appear in the for…
